Chapter 11: Global Communication and Propoganda

I. Origins of Propoganda
-"determination of what truth should be shared"
-17th century Cardinals
- media discourse that may not always be thought of as harmful.

II. Propoganda and Public Relations
-"public relations, publicity, marketing, public affairs, advertising"
-The Philosophy of Right (1821)
-White House Domestic issues

III. Public Diplomacy
-refers to so-called "truthful" propaganda
-1960s, Dean Edward Guillion of Tufts University

IV. Wartime Propoganda
-important to 1) mobilize hatred of enemy 2) preserve friendship of allies 3) procure cooperation fo neutral nations 4) demoralize the enemy.

V. Strategies of a Propoganda Campaign
a. Name Calling
-use of labels to project and idea in a favorable or unforavorable light
-Soviet Union as "evil empire"
b. Glittering Generality
-the tendency to associate an issue or image with a noble or virtuous term
-G.W Bush "new world order"
c. Image Transfer
-taking power, respect, or good reputation bestowed on an existing entity or concept and then attempting to share these positive qualities through association with a product or individual/ggroup.
d. Testimonial
-when a distinguished or recongnized but highly unpopular person is used to cast a product, indiviudal/group in a positive or negative light
e. Plain Folks
-when a communicator wishes to convince others that they or their ideas are good or valid since they are similar to everyone else, just "ordinary people"
f.Card Staking
-when a presentation uses a selection of facts and distortions, elucidations and confusions, and both logical and illogical statements...."stacks cards against the truth"
g. Bandwagon Approach
-utilizing the notion that "everybody is doing it", so that group members are encouraged to just join or follow the crowd.
VI. Modern Use of Propoganda
-The House I Live In (Frank Sinatra)....attempting to address racism and anti-semitism
-Good to note that the history of documentary film and video is full of questions of realism and degree of manipulation by the documentarian.
-March of Time, Lousiana Story
VII. Terrorism as Propoganda
-state terrorism vs. non-state terrorism
- first acknowleged as a form of control that could be imposed by a dictorial gov'ment against its own subjects
-airplane hjijackings, beginning in 1968.
-Al-Qaeda
-war against terrorism
-Terrorism is a form of propaganda. We must sow good in order to have a stronger weapon to bring terrosim to an end.

Intel Backs Wireless Plan in Africa

Response Number Four

What would having a standard of internet connection do for Africa? Revolutionary, or simply crazy? As per our discussion in class, it is clear that people feel very differently about the subject of technological advances- not because they are not for advancement, but they are worried about the social, economical, and political cost.

However, Craig Barrett, CEO at Intel, seems very positive about creating a wireless network based off of the new "WiMax" technology. He cites Nigeria as a country that would benefit immensely, due to the lack of cooper resources. People are already paying exorbitant amounts to have access to their cell phones and internet- why not lessen that burden?

It seems to be the simplest choice in an every complex technological arena.

Milestones in Communication and National Development

Chapter IX Outline
Katherine Wilson

I. Post World War II Realities
- increased birth rate and infant mortality rates
-Marshall Plan
apply a similar model to conditions in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean
-spheres of influence
ability of powerful states to impose their will on other states through economic, cultural, and military means
-UN has played a major role in development of the field of comm. for development
II. What is Development?
-a complex, integrated, participatory process involving stakeholders and beneficiaries and aimed at improving quality of human life.
- stakeholders include national gov. and politicians, development assistance agencies (USAID), private sector, NGOs, and cultural leaders
-Andrew Moemeka (2000): Comm. for development has two roles
1. support social chance that aims for higher quality of life
2. socialization- an environment which supports positive social change
III.Communication for Development
-most theories emerged out of the modernization paradigm
-Everett Roger's A History of Communication Study (1994)
a. Southeastern Ohio
(I've experienced this first hand; as I live right on the border of Southern Ohio, in WV, which has its own developmental issues!)
-problems with unemployment, obesity, and environmental degradation
-coal mining; logging
-participatory and sustainable
b. The Caribbean Community
-problems with disease (dengue, malaria)
-PAHO, CANA
IV. The Modernization Model
-dominant paradigm (modernization model)
-dependency paradigm (dependency critique)
-alternative paradigm (another development, participatory model)
V. The 1980s: Development Support Communication and Project Support Communication
-UNDP, UNICEF
-DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT COMMUNICATION
-Childers (1973) "use of communication techniques to elicit voluntary and active participation of people in development planning and action"
a. Dependency Critique
-Wallerstein, Frank, Prebisch
global economic relations are dominated by the global North, therefore contributing to the underdevelopment of the developing world.
-development sabotage communication
VI. Contemporary Strategies in Communication for Development
1. Public Awareness Campaigns
-PSAs (Public Service Announcements)
health, wellness, M.A.D.D
2. Social Marketing
-reproductive health, immunization, and childhood diseases
3. Entertainment Education
-HIV/AIDS prevention
-domestic violence
-New Life, New Hope
4. Advocacy
-stakeholders in development process who promote interventions by reporting on positive experiences and benefits
-Arab Women Speak Out

Communication and Culture

Chapter 13 Outline
Katherine Wilson

What is Culture?
- what is means to be a human being
-national culture- all people living within a particular nation-state who share the same culture
-stories and images are a primary way societies transmit their values and beliefs from generation to generation
1. Cultural Industries
-Theodor Adorno and Max Hornheimer (Frankfurt Institute for Social Research in 1923)
-"products which are tailored for consumption by masses, and which to a great extent determine the nature of that consumption, are manufactured more or less according to plan"
-UNESCO: describes cultural industries to be "copied and boosted by industrial processes and worldwide distribution"
II.Transmission of Culture
-primary symbolic system to transmit culture is LANGUAGE
-Benedict Anderson (1983)
"print capitalism" leads to "imagined communities"
III. How the West Dominates in Production of Culture
-Herbert Schiller (1969) Mass Communication and the American Empire
-military industrial complex in US was using TV and film to obtain world dominance in cultural products
-(1971) Finnish scholars, Nordenstreng and Varis
-(1977) Jereremy Tuunstall The Media Are American
-(1991) John Tomlinson Cultural Imperialism
- Tomlinson argued that blame to be put upon specific institutions- not individual practices
IV.What Cultures Do to Defend Cultural Autonomy
a. Subsidies
-MEDIA (Measures to Encourage Development of the Audiovisual Industry)
b. Adaptations
- Soap Operas
-Reality TV
- American Idol, Pop Idol, Super Star
c. Resistance
-Briza
-TV Globo
d. Regional Alliances and Co productions
-UNESCO
-Bilateral agreements- India and Canada
e. Quotas
- Television Without Frontiers
-GATT
V. Not All Pop Culture is American
- In India, Russia, Japan, and Brazil, domestic production accounts for between 70 and 96% of market share.
- English musicals
VI. Role of Journalists in Production of Culture
- expected to produce news without bias
-John Fiske (1987) TV news producer deceives herself that truth exists, and the production of news story is just a matter of organizing it for easy consumption
VII. Managing Cultural Conflict
-Benjamin Barber (1995) Jihad vs. McWorld
- globalization versus fragmentation
-Kurdish example
VIII. Hybrid Cultures and the Media
- melting pot...without losing identity
-hybridity, creolization, glocalization
- not fixed: fluid and dynamic

Global News and Information Flow in the Internet Age

Chapter VI Outline (in brief)
Katherine Wilson

Origin and Early History of News Agencies
-Agence France Presse
-Associated Press0
-Reuters
-UPI (United Press International)
-ITAR-TASS

International News Agencies Today
-Associated Press
-United Press International
-Reuters
-Agence France-Press
-ITAR-TASS and Interfax

Supplemental News Agencies
-New York Times News Service
-Los Angeles Times
-Washington Post News Service
-Dow Jones Newswires

Broadcast News Services
-Reutuers Reports
-Reuters News Video Online
-AP Digital (division of Associated Press)
-Wall Street Journal Report

Global Newspapers, Magazines, and Broadcasters
-The New York Times
-The Times (of London)
-The Guardian (Britain)
a. Newsmagainzes
1. Time
2. Newsweek
3. Economist
Voice of American (VOA)
Radio Moscow
Radio Nederland
All India Radio
Radio Cairo

The Transnational Media Corporation and The Economics of Global Competition

Chapter IV Outline
Katherine Wilson

I. The Transnational Media Corporation

- TNC: a system of organization, focusing on the primary commodity being sold is information and entertainment.

II. The Purpose of a Global Media Strategy
- TNMC tends to operate in preferred markets with a an obvious preference toward its home market.
- TNMC's are NOT monolithic in their approach to business.
-Bertelsmann, for example, reflects the business philosophy and media interests of its founder: interests such as strategic planning and decentralization.

III.The Globalization of Markets
- driven by world wide deregulation and privatization trends, advancements in new technologies, and market integration (such as NAFTA, European Community)

a. The Rules of Free Market Trade
- only system operation in the world today is FREE MARKET CAPITALISM
- attempts to promote as much domestic competition as possible

b. Foreign Direct Investment
- refers to the ownership of a company in a foreign country

i. Propriety and Physical Assets
- ownership of talent or specialized expertise can be considered a type of propriety asset
- SONY, purchase of CBS

ii. Foreign Market Penetration
- purpose of entering a foreign market and serving it from that location
-Bertelsmann AG when purchased Doubleday Publishing

iv. Production and Distribution Efficiencies
- countries which offer significant advantages such as lower labor costs, tax relief, and technology infrastructure
-shooting movies in Canada/Ireland, rather than New York/LA

v. Empire Building
-high premium placed upon successful deal making and new project ventures

c. The Risks Associated with FDI
-problems associated with political instability: wars, revolutions, coups
-country risk assessment

IV. Transnational Media Ownership

a. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Alliances
-represent different ways that companies can join to achieve increased market share, to diversify product line, and/or create greater efficiency of operation

VI. Media and Global Finance
-today, companies will either use their own money or seek assistance of financial lending institution
-enables companies to issue securities and obtain loans

VII. Role of Global Capital Markets
-brings together those companies and individuals who want to invest money and those who want to borrow it.

a. Capital Market Loans
-either equity loans or debt loans
-equity: made when corporation sells stock to investors

VIII. Business and Planning Strategies
-Core Competency suggests that a successful company is one that possesses a specialized production process, brand recognition, or ownership of talent.
- Time Warner-
-Broadband Communication

IX. Global Competition and the Diffusion of Authority
-What distinguishes TNMC from TNC?
PRINCIPAL COMMODITY BEING SOLD IS INFORMATION AND ENTERTAINMENT.
-TNMC actively pursues the use of advanced media and information technology
-TNMC and host nation have shared responsibility to create system that is desirable and sustainable.

France Launches World TV Channel

Assignment #3

"Our mission is to cover worldwide news with French eyes,” said Alain de Pouzilaik, the channel's head. Is the concept of "news a la francaise" plausible? While it is a completely patriotic (heroic?) undertaking, is France 24 overestimating it's ability to compete with such giant international neww corporations, like the BBC and CNN? With a budget one tenth the size, I think the French might just have taken too big a bite.
Just finishing my presentation on cultral autonomy, I completely understand the French desire to remain "untouched" by American cultural imperialism, but I believe this is going to far. Besdies which, is it not counterindicitave to promote a "french INTERNATIONAL news service"? If you don't agree with CNN, there's always BBC....We'll see how France will carry "its values throughout the world".

Facevalue of Mark Zukerburg of Facebook

Assignment #2- Response to "Book Value"

So who is this "this cartographer of social connections" that bloggers speak of? Mr.Zuckerburg , a twentysomething Harvard graudate, has already been compared to Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple. Is Facebook really the next best thing since sliced....Google?

In my opinion, these bloggers are completely correct. I remember when Facebook first took off- I was only in high school at the time, and snubbed the idea of a website for "social connections", I didn't need the internet to connect me to my friends....did I?

However, as soon as I was ordering books and packing away photo albums for college, I was checking my friend's "status updates" on facebook. I had bit the bait- I was a facebook junkie. And it didn't take much- unlike Myspace, Facebook seemed to me to be so much more user friendly. Within a week, I had about 300 friends (I was even reconnected with some friends who lived abroad and had lost their contact info).

As embarassing as this is to admit, I think I check my facebook more than I check my email. Its so much more convient, and as a very visual person, more stimulating. Since I became a member in 2005, Facebook has now expanded to have more than 31 million members. Is this a trend that is doomed to fade out with my generation? Only time will tell....but until then, I'm going to keep "poking".

Beware the Trojan Panda

Assignment # 1- "Cybersecurity" The Economist


The term "electromagnetic dominance" is not something that immeadiately comes to mind when speaking of security in America (or for any other country). As we continue to push farther and farther ahead into the world of "e-communication, e-governemnt, e-business" though, I suppose that it is a threat we should be taking seriously. Towards the beginning, the article speaks about hackers- easily teenagers and chat room junkies. To think that hacking has now reached a whole new domain:" trying to cripple America's military and communications satellites". No longer are we facing online credit card theft from bored housewifes- now we have to worry about The China's People Liberation Army! I agree with Jill on this subject- this potential new "silent" threat is alot more worrisome than the old fashioned weapons of mass destruction.

Global Economy and International Telecommunication Networks

Wilson, Katherine

17/09/07

Prof. Ibahrine

INTL COMM

Outline Chapter 3:

Global Economy and International Telecommunications Networks

1. Pre-modern World
1. Foreign products were rare in the 13^th century- everything was produced locally.

i. Shoemaker- limited amount of shoes per day.

2. Division of Labor
1. Leads to factories- output increases exponentially.
2. Flip side= creates interdependencies, requires coordination.
3. Devil’s bargain- increase productivity via specialization (creates problems of coordination and control).

i. Henry Ford’s factory in Michigan, employed more than 10,000 workers

4. The global division of labor is intricately tied to modern communication technologies.
2. Imperialism
1. Multipolar world in the 13^th century

i. China, Egypt, India, Italy, Iraq dominated trading circuits.

ii. 14^th/15^th century changed: Spanish, Dutch, French, Portuguese and British

2. Developments in science lead to transitioning of power

i. Guns in Asia and Africa.

3. These new empires were different from the old ones in these ways:

i. They were far flung and disjointed.

ii. The economic relationship between the imperial powers and the subject territories changed.

iii. Gain access to raw materialsàfactoriesàcaptive markets

iv. Brute military power

1. Also more subtle techniques: co-opt the native elite into the colonial administrative apparatus.

4. Electronic Imperialism
1. Global Media Flows

i. Age of imperialism ended after WWII, with colonies winning independence.

ii. Center of world moved to the United States.

1. US had more powerful economic strength

iii. Some argue that global political structures created during age of imperialism still exist.

1. Create a relationship between the rich and the poor countries.

2. US dominates media market- movies, music, TV…

a. CULTURAL INVASION

b. one way flow

i. NWIO- goes against the 1^st Amendment of the Constitution

2. Transborder Data Flow

i. The movement of industries across the global in search of locational advantage is in many ways an extension of what happened din the US.

ii. Developing countries suspicious of free trade and free flow of communication.

1. position of permanent dependency

iii. Both imperialism and electronic imperialism exhibit a strong center-periphery relationship with few lateral connections, the center dominates the periphery….

1. DIFFERENCE= center uses employs more subtle means to dominate, not brute force.

5. Emerging Network Flows
1. Will decentralized technologies like the internet strengthen or loosen US control over world communications?

i. Internet seems a democratic medium.

1. structural inequities- rich countries have 97% all internet hosts

2. ISPs (internet service providers)

6. Toward a New World System?
1. Nature of the center-periphery relationship has changed significantly.

i. Global division of labor on unprecedented scale

ii. US projects its power over periphery in subtle ways

iii. Will center pass from US to other country, or will there be an emergence of a multipolar world like that of 13^th century?

Katherine Wilson
Prof. Ibahrine
10/09/07
Int’l Comm.

Chapter Two Outline:
Drawing a Bead on Global Communication Theories

Normative Theories
Four Categories
1. These comparisons help sharpen our understanding our our nation’s media system.
ii. Authoritarian
1. Dictatorial- Hiter, Mussolini
iii. Soviet
1. Communist dictatorships (Russia, Eastern Europe, Transcaucasia, Central Asia)
2. Difference between Authoritarian and Soviet lies in that Soviet regimes claim to show the way to construct a just and equal society.
iv. Liberal
1. Not “left wing”- but free market based.
2. Media systems ruled by capitalist moneymaking priorities.
v. Social Responsibility
1. Media operating within capitalist dynamic yet committed to serving public’s needs.
vi. Development Model
1. Media addressing issues of poverty, health care, literacy, education
a. Informing public about health hazards, agricultural methods
b. Important in fostering a sense of nationhood, mostly in previously colonized territories
vii. Participatory Model
1. Local, small scale, more democraticcaly organized media
2. Important factor is that STAFF and PRODUCERS have considerable input
3. Public participation and a democratic process central

A Different Approach I: Comparing And Contrasting Media
Soviet media, while extinct in its original form, has a lot to contribute to our understanding of other media.
i. Political Power
1. Seen as “mirror opposites” of media in the west
2. Communist Party’s Propaganda Committee- established ideological priorities
3. Bugging technology-advanced Soviet industry, lead to samizdat (dual-level public realm, no one believed official media truths)
ii. Economic Crisis
1. “its their government’s faults”- IMF
2. In 1990s, Russian life expectancy fell
3. Russian media, until the last few years of the old Soviet Union, reminded quiet about declining standards of living
iii. Dramatic Social Transitions
1. Media in Russia went through many transitions during the 20th century.
2. Until 1953, Russian media stayed in sync with dictators tread
3. After Stalin’s death, media opened up more..
a. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

A Different Approach II: Globalization and Media
Globalization- signifies:
i. Structural economic changes
ii. Cultural/media processes
a. Cultural imperialism: media imperialism
iii. “Americanization”
iv. Herbert Schiller (1991)
1. More multiple form of dominance by transnational corporations
a. Sony, Samsung, Telefonica, Globo
Hybridization
i. Bollywood!
A Different Approach III: Small-Scale Alternative Media
Samizdat
i. Hand circulated pamphlets, poems, essays, plays, short stories, novels that emerged in Soviet Russia from the 1960s onward.
1. Literally means “self published”, rather than “state-published”

*Interesting Article about "samizdat"

http://www.toutsurbudapest.net/article133.html

Chapter One Outline: Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication

WILSON, Katherine
03/09/2007
International Comm.
Prof. Ibahrine

Chapter One Outline:
Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication


Geographical Space: A Barrier to Communication
Communication is not a new concept- although today’s technology allows us to communicate regardless of distance.
i. The concept of communication was introduced in 1979 by historians who studied the Middle Ages.
Many uses of communication were used to advance warfare and trade.
i. Ex. Chinese papermaking-> Arab soldiers->German Bible
ii. Printing press and telegraph

Geography and the Mythical World
Every culture had different perceptions of the world outside their homes
Greek word “mantic”- ideas coming from the supernatural world
i. Greek myths such as Cyclops began to appear in maps
ii. Europeans believed India and Africa to be fanciful and frightening
iii. Prester John- fictitious Christian king, who ruled magical land…Pope Alexander II even wrote him a letter!
iv. Attila the Hun encouraged mythical beliefs (to scare his enemies)
Art, science, language, and ritual help us to see how mythical ideas
were represented among different cultures.

Ancient Encounters of Societies and Cultures
The 12th century brought ideas of more rational, tangible knowledge, thanks to Plato and Aristotle.
Explorers brought knowledge of what lies beyond:
i. Pytheas (Greek explorer) traveled to Spain and Baltic
ii. Alexander the Great- Asai Minor, Africa, Eastern Europe
Library in Alexandria (300 BC) held over ½ million papyrus rolls,
Largest library in antiquity

Global Explorers: Migrants, Holy People, Merchants
Migration as a way of life…
i. Nomadic lifestyle: changes in food supplies farming techniques, disease, war.
Trade ships
i. Al-Idrisi: “Amusement for Him Who Desires to Travel Round the World”
European Interest in the East
i. Geographia- (Claudius Ptolemy)…used a reference by mapmakers- helped Columbus in his search for trade route to India.
Famous Travelers
i. Jacob ibn Tarik: astronomical books, 820.
ii. Radanite Jewish merchants traveled to Kiev
iii. Ibn Khorrdadbeh (arab geographer), traced trade routes through Europe- described Russian-Scandinavians.
iv. Vikings settled tribes in Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland.

Mapmakers in the Medieval World
Maps were considered “keys to unlocking unknown worlds”
i. Columbus’ maps were locked up in Seville
Stirred empire building- however, much information on these maps were incorrect.
Served to aid sea navigation, pilgrimages, and military conquests.
i. However, other purposes:
1. Asian maps were drawn as art
2. Tibetan maps- spiritual path
3. Greeks- intellectual tools
Maps also served to divide the world by beliefs: Islam, Christianity, and Christian Byzantine Empire.
i. Only three continents- (badly drawn) Europe, Africa, Asia
The Crusades
i. Brought a new awareness of geography
1. Europeans became more familiar with languages and cultures
2. contributed a MAJOR chapter to INTL COMM
In Islam:
i. 1400 years of pilgrimages to Mecca
ii. Muslims were responsible for acquiring many ideas and devices: “the tongue of the Arab”
iii. First to recognize earth as sphere!

Inventors: Signals and Semaphores
The progression of technologies is most easily categorized into alphabetical and mathematical, or optical and audio media.
i. Signal systems for military use-
1. Artisotle informed the Persian king of goings-ons
2. Aeschylus described in book Agamemnon about conquest of Troy
3. Mostly for military purposes- Homer in the Illiad
ii. Visual signaling system:
1. Tiberius send messages from Capri on polished metal
2. Moors used a heliograph in Algeria
3. Herodotus (greek historian) described pony-express relay system, about 111 courier relay stations…Battle of Marathon.
iii. Postal Services
1. Charlemagne set up system through France, Italy, Germany and Spain
2. Lousi XI: set up mounted couriers for OFFICAL communiqués.
a. By the 1900s, delivery services offered quick service over great distances
3. Genghis Khan used pigeons, as did some Egyptian pharaohs.
4. Mesopotamian kings gave homing pigeons to carry on dangerous trips
5. In South America, Incas used smoke signals.
Noises (drums, shouting, trumpets) and physical sounds were also key for communication.
i. Giambattista della Porta described in 1553 a device which messages were shouted through tubes to project.
ii. The magnetic compass eventually lead to development of electric telegraph
iii. Joseph Chudy developed a system of flashing lights to be read by telescope in 1786.

The Printing Press, Literacy, and the Knowledge Explosion
Religious clerics were often the only literate people in the Middle Ages.
i. Epistles- used for diplomacy or commerce
Gutenberg’s printing press in Mainz, Germany 1450:
i. Many social consequences---
1. literacy among commoners
2. reformation inside the church
3. lead to rise in political consciousness and “public opinion”

Scientists and International Networks
a. Previously isolated countries now could intermingle interests and differences through new technology.
i. Telegraph
1. 1844, breakthrough in two-way communication- eventually lead to telephone and wireless radio
Views of international communication
i. At first, seen as only strategic and pragmatic….eventually organizations such as Central Commission for Navigation of the Rhine.
First Standardization of science codes in 1860:
i. Karlsruhe, Germany: assembled to clarify chemical symbols.
ii. This lead to other congresses to discuss all manners of science (botany, pharmacy, etc).
Adopting a global time system was important step in globalization.
i. Greenwich Observatory
ii. Universal adoption of metric system.

The International Electric Revolution
19th century launched industry and commerce:
i. steam boats- Savannahs
ii. telegraph became linked to the railway systems
American Telegraph Company
1. Samuel FB Morse: first line opened in 1866.
Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone
i. Privately operated Bell Telephone Companyà Western Union Telegraph Company
ii. Thomas Edison

Summary: Global Immediacy and Transparency
Distanced communication directly affects human relationships.
Social and political systems can vary greatly in communication themes- through war, culture, espionage (?).
Global communication implies new connation to our (potential) histories.

**Yahra R. Kamalipour. (2007). Global Communication, (2nd Edition)